The “Professor’s little helper” on cognitive enhancement by Barbara Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir demonstrates the enduring nature of this topic. With their comments in hand, it is now time to explore the range of new issues implicated by their reflections. In particular, the legal and social policies that will guide the setting of parameters and milestones for integrating new enhancing technologies into health care for treatment, and into society for non-therapeutic applications, must be at the heart of the discussion. Policy-making is inherently complex, and is rendered even more complex when the priorities of different health care systems come into play, and the commercial interests of big business pharma – and eventually big business “bio-device” – inevitably influence those priorities. Moreover, it is certain that there will be no one-size-fits-all policies once multiculturalism is taken into consideration. Beyond the call that the authors make for better drugs, our call is for a next generation of research and translation that is focused on regulatory policies – policies that recognize the differential impact of drugs on different segments of society, and policies that protect people from the urge for quick fixes and the risk of new forms of vulnerabilities arising from short-sighted solutions. Robin Pierce, J.D., Ph.D. Judy Illes, Ph.D. National Core for Neuroethics The University of British Columbia