Moulton HM, Moulton JD. Chapter 3: Antisense Morpholino Oligomers and Their Peptide Conjugates. In: Therapeutic Oligonucleotides, edited by Jens Kurreck, Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.

Hong and I have presented the basics of Morpholino structure and applications, then discussed the structure and applications of conjugates of Morpholinos with cell-penetrating peptides (CPP). We focus on the applications of Morpholinos as therapeutics and in researching diseases. We present tables describing reported uses of various CPP-Morpholino conjugates in cell cultures and in mice. We summarize the published antiviral research using CPP-Morpholino conjugates. We present a table summarizing assessments of toxicity of CPP-Morpholino conjugates. We finish by briefly discussing ongoing clinical trials employing Morpholinos and their CPP conjugates. With 153 references, this chapter serves as a summary of Morpholino-CPP research through about Autumn of 2007.

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