Plasma can be rearranged in detail in its six-dimensional velocity-coordinate space by shining radio frequency (rf) waves into the plasma and exploiting precise wave-particle resonances. This rearrangement can lead to surprisingly large effects, such as generating mega amps of current or diverting megawatts of power. Such effects might improve significantly the possibility for economical controlled nuclear fusion.

In nonlinear regimes, radio frequency waves might even act as one-way walls, thus realizing phase space rearrangements that have other uses in plasma. These one-way wall effects can be extended analogously to other systems with an internal degree of freedom, including atoms under laser excitation.

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